The objective of this chapter is to provide the reader with an understanding of the following:

1.1 Identify basic terms, concepts, and functions of system modules, including how each module should work during normal operation and during the boot process:

• Memory
  
  
• Firmware

1.2 Identify basic procedures for adding removing field replaceable modules for both desktop and portable systems:

• Memory

1.8 Identify hardware methods of upgrading system performance, procedures for replacing the basic subsystem components, unique components and when to use them:

• Memory
  
  
• Upgrading BIOS
  
  
• When to upgrade BIOS

2.1 Identify common symptoms and problems associated with each module and have to troubleshoot and isolate the problems:

• Processor/memory symptoms
  
  
• BIOS

4.2 Identify the categories of RAM (random access memory) terminology, their locations, and physical characteristics:

• Terminology:
  • EDO RAM (extended data output RAM)
    
    
  • DRAM (dynamic random access memory)
    
    
  • SRAM (static RAM)
    
    
  • RIMM (Rambus in-line memory module 184 pins)
    
    
  • VRAM (video RAM)
    
    
  • SDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM)
    
    
  • WRAM (Windows accelerator card RAM)
  
  
  
• Locations and physical characteristics.
  
  
• Memory bank:
  • Memory chips (8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit)
    
    
  • SIMMS (Single in-line memory module)
    
    
  • DIMMS (dual in-line memory module)
    
    
  • Parity chips vs. non-parity chips